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Social Support: Strong female role models in math and science
BARRIERSSUPPORTS
Parental/FamilyFamily members lack
knowledge base in
math & science;
provide little help


Little encouragement
in math/science


Low aspirations or
expectations for
success in
math/science


Maternal math
anxiety transmitted
to daughter


Family has knowledge
base in math and
science; provide
sufficient help


Encouragement from
family to do well in
math/science


Support & high
expectations for
success in
math/science career
choices


Paternal
encouragement is
critically important


SchoolIneffective teaching
methods in math
&science


Little/no
encouragement from
teachers in
math/science


Teachers unwilling
to provide extra
help in math/science


Not challenged in
math/science classes


Inadequate academic
preparation in
math/science


Poor learning
environment
(disruptive) in
math/science courses


Sexism

Effective
math/science
teaching methods


Encouraging science
and math teachers


Math/science
teachers quick to
help when needed


Challenging
math/science
coursework


Exposure to math &
science enrichment
(tutors, mentors,
special programs)


Guidance CounselorsDisconnect between
professions they
considered and
perceived need for
math/science


Lack of
understanding of
preparation for
various careers


Inadequate,
incomplete, and
misinformation from
counselors about
careers


Active
discouragement at
all educational
levels


Counselors provide
clarity to career
path & appropriate
information (courses
needed; structure
and path to
science/math majors
and careers)


School professionals
engaged in student
math and science
career goals


Access to online
structured career
plans (e.g., VCC)


Active encouragement
of STEM careers


SocialSocial comparisons;
judge science/math
ability in relation
to other students


Peer group not
involved in
math/science


Lack of success in
math/science to
avoid peer
rejection, tokenism,
and stereotype
threat.


Lack of and/or
negative exposure to
math/science role
models of same
gender and/or
ethnicity (family,
peers, school,
society, media)


Gender stereotyping
(Males viewed as
superior in
math/science)


Perceived as
competent in math &
science by social
group


Peer group involved
in math and science


Strong female role
models in math and
science


Discuss math/science
career aspirations
with social group


Egalitarian gender
role perspectives


Internal/IndividualLow math/science
self-efficacy


Lack of interest in
math/science


Misconceptions about
workload/level of
difficulty of
math/science courses


Lack of initiative
to seek out
resources/help in
math/science


Lack of
understanding of
real-world
applications of
math/science


High math/science
self efficacy


Resilience-willingness
to work hard in math
& science


Obtained mastery
experiences in
math/science


Able to see
application of
math/science in
career


Has identified
math/science career
goal


Menu: Explanation  Illustration  Intervention  

Level: General  Middle School  High School  Undergraduate  

Text:

“Teachers should expose girls to female role models who have achieved in math or science in order to promote positive beliefs regarding women’s abilities in math and science. Even in elementary school, girls are aware of the stereotype that men are better in math and science that women are. Exposing girls to female role models (e.g. through biographies, guest speakers, or tutoring by other female students) can invalidate these stereotypes.” “Encouraging Girls in Math and Science” Institute of Educational Sciences Practice Guide. U.S. Department of Education, p. 7.



“Invite older girls and women who have succeeded in math- or science-related courses and professions to be guest speakers or tutors in your class.” “Encouraging Girls in Math and Science” Institute of Educational Sciences Practice Guide. U.S. Department of Education, p. 9.

“Assign bibliographical readings about women scientists, mathematicians and engineers, as a part of students’ assignments.” “Encouraging Girls in Math and Science” Institute of Educational Sciences Practice Guide. U.S. Department of Education, p. 9.

“Call attention to current events highlighting the achievements of women in math or science.” “Encouraging Girls in Math and Science” Institute of Educational Sciences Practice Guide. U.S. Department of Education, p. 9.

 

In a unique dialogue across generations, conference participants will define current standards by creating a women-in-STEM research review applicable across disciplines. Most important, the conference will ensure that today’s women-in-STEM scholars preserve and build upon the insights of the generation that preceded them. 
INTERGENERATIONAL WORKING CONFERENCE ON WOMEN AND SCIENCE RESEARCH
GRADE LEVEL: POSTGRADUATE
PAULA RAYMAN